The Fundamental Particle and Energy Quanta of Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Boltzmann Particles and Utilization its Energy

Abstract

This paper presents what could be the most fundamental particle and quanta of dark matter and dark energy and its characteristics. Recent observations have shown that visible matter contributes only to about 4% of the universe total energy density, meanwhile, dark matter and dark energy contributes to 26% and 70% of the universe total energy, respectively. This paper is a continuation of previous published work at ICREPQ’08 and ICREPQ’07 which was based on the assumption that dark energy and dark matter are identical and behave as an ideal gas. Furthermore, based on Boltzmann constant and NASA's Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimated that the sky has a temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass and energy of fundamental particle of the dark matter/dark energy is determined. It is found that this candidate particle has an equivalent mass of to 3.7674 × 10 − 23 J . 4 . 2141 × 10 − 40 Kg which is equivalent Since this value has the same order of Boltzmann constant K B = 1 . 38 × 10 − 23 J / K , then this particle is called Boltzmann particle. Furthermore, considering the lowest temperature in nature at Boomerang nebula which is 1 Kelvin, then the dark matter should be exactly equivalent to Boltzmann constant. Boltzmann particle could be the most fundamental and lightest particle in Nature. Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is determined as 34.983 × 10 12 K . This analysis shows that the dark matter is a preferably a cold matter since its volumetric density is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the space.