The foundation of the fourth law of thermodynamics: Universe dark energy and its nature: Can dark energy be generated?

Abstract

This paper presents a proposal of the fourth law of thermodynamics, the nature of the Universe Dark Energy and the potential to generate such an energy. Recent astronomical observation of Ia supernovae indicates that the Universe is expanding at accelerating rate and composed of around 70% dark energy; 25% dark matter; and 5% Hydrogen, Helium and stars. In this paper a physical interpretation of the dark energy is presented. This interpretation is based on geometric modeling of space-time as a phase fluid and the momentum generated by the time. In this modeling the time is considered to have a mechanical nature so that the momentum associated with it is equal to the negative of the universe total energy. Based on this analysis and by the virtue of the classical thermodynamics, the fourth law of thermodynamics is proposed to account for the dominating energy in the universe. It states that "Considering time as mechanical variable, for a closed system with moving boundaries composed of homogenous isotropic cosmic fluid, the system will have a negative pressure equal to the energy density that causes the system to expand at an accelerated rate. Moreover, the momentum associated with the time is equal to the negative of the system total energy". Such a law is very important to account for the dominating component of the universe, the 70% dark energy that is behind the accelerated expansion of the Universe. The possibility to generate such dark energy is then discussed utilizing macro or micro/nano systems. Finally, simulation results are demonstrated to verify the proposed results.